Microbiology and Rare infectious diseases

Infectious diseases - also known as contagious diseases, communicable diseases, or communicable diseases - are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that infect a host organism and can spread, directly or indirectly, from one organism to another.

Infectious disease research has the potential for wide application because everyone, in all parts of the world, is infected with microbes at some point in their life.

Microbes are simple organisms capable of rapid genetic mutation. Many are moving to new strains that are resistant to available therapies. The ease of international travel and a growing world population facilitate the problems associated with rapid microbial evolution.

Microbes that cause disease are called pathogens. A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease. An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or a population. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites.Illness occurs when infection causes damage to an individual's functions or vital systems. Pathogens cause disease by disrupting normal body processes and / or stimulating the immune system to produce a defensive response, resulting in high fever, inflammation? and other symptoms

Deadly bacteria linked to butterfly color changes,Like many poisonous animals, the orange, white, and black pattern of the African monarch butterfly warns predators that it is poisonous. Warning patterns like this are generally consistent between individuals to help predators learn to avoid them. However, a recent study shows how a population of African monarch butterflies (Danaus chrysippus) breaks this rule and exhibits widely varying warning patterns.

Industrial microbiology is a branch of applied microbiology in which microorganisms are used in industrial processes and these microorganisms are particularly important for synthesizing a number of products valuable to human beings and have profoundly changed our lives and our lifetimes. These products include beverages, food additives, animal health products and biofuels. There are different ways of manipulating a microorganism in order to increase the yields of the product. Introduction of mutations into an organism can be accomplished by introducing them to mutagens. Another way to increase production is through gene amplification, which is done using plasmids and vectors. Advances in industrial microbiology have made it possible to isolate enzymes in commercial quantities.

Environmental microbiology is the study of microbes in all habitats and their beneficial and harmful effects on human health and well-being. It also includes the study of microorganisms that exist in artificial environments such as bioreactors. The microbial world is very diverse and a large number of microorganisms cover the planet. Veterinary microbiology concerns the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of infection in the individual and epizootiology (the study of mass diseases in animals) and the prevention and control of infection in the community.